ABSTRACT
Background:
Although the role of HER2 amplification and its evaluation methods are well known in breast carcinoma, methods for detection of HER2 amplification in non-small cell lung carcinoma are unclear. Next-generation sequencing is widely used in searching multiple therapeutic targets, and it is possible to evaluate copy number variation of genes by next-generation sequencing.
Aims:
To re-evaluate the HER2 status of non-small cell lung carcinoma cases detected as HER2 amplified and non-amplified by next-generation sequencing via the most commonly used HER2 investigation methods in routine pathology practice, namely immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.
Study Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional study.
Methods:
Among the 256 patients whose mutation profiles were examined by next-generation sequencing, HER2 amplified (13 cases) and non-HER2-amplified (13 cases) were determined as study and control groups, respectively, by next-generation sequencing. HER2 next-generation sequencing amplified tumors were investigated for HER2 expression and amplification using immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization.
Results:
From a group of 256 non-small cell lung carcinoma, 33 tumors (12.8%) showed HER2 amplification with next-generation sequencing. Although we observed more frequent HER2 positivity by immunohistochemistry in next-generation sequencing-amplified cases, when compared to non-amplified cases (50% and 23% respectively), the difference was not significant (P = .221). Within the HER2 amplified group, inter-method-agreement was very good between next-generation sequencing results amplification and in situ hybridization status. Next-generation sequencing results showed a strong interclass correlation coefficient with HER2/cell (P = .009, r = 0.777) and HER2/CEP17 ratio (P = .001, r = 0.805). The median HER2/CEP17 ratio was higher in the next-generation sequencing amplified group (P = .013); however, three cases were found to be amplified by silver in situ hybridization among the next-generation sequencing non-amplified cases. EGFR and FGFR1 amplification were more frequent in HER2 next-generation sequencing amplified group than next-generation sequencing non-amplified group (P < .001).
Conclusion:
Until the effects of HER2 amplification on the HER2 protein are well understood and pulmonary carcinoma algorithms are defined, non-small cell lung carcinomas found to be amplified by next-generation sequencing should be verified by additional methods.
INTRODUCTION
Therapy targets in pulmonary carcinoma are extensively studied due to the high incidence and high mortality rates of this tumor. Various mutations in many genes have been identified and some of these mutations, including EGFR, ALK, ROS, and BRAF, affect the treatment protocols and prognosis of lung carcinoma patients.1,2 The necessity of both diagnosing the tumor and performing the tests for targeted therapies using a very limited amount of tissue requires careful utilization of the available material. For this reason, next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms and multi-gene panels are used in many centers, to be able to detect many therapeutic targets using a single test. With the introduction of NGS platforms in many pathology laboratories, some relatively rare molecular changes with uncertain treatment consequences have started to be observed by pathologists.
Human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2; also known as EGFR2, ERBB2) is amplified, resulting in overexpression of the protein at the cell membrane, in 10-20% of invasive breast carcinomas. HER2 testing is required on all invasive breast carcinomas, because positive cases can be treated with HER2-targeted therapies.3 HER2 amplifications and insertions that are usually considered independent molecular events are also observed in pulmonary carcinomas and accepted as potential therapeutic targets.4 There are relatively few studies on HER2 amplification status of pulmonary carcinoma in the literature, which are performed with various methods, and the amplification/overexpression rate ranges from 0.6 to 70% (Table 1).5,6,7,8,9 There is no information about the correlation of the various methods used, and there is no gold standard concerning the test type that should be used to detect amplification in lung carcinoma. In this study, we aim to re-evaluate the HER2 status of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cases detected as HER2 amplified and non-amplified by NGS via the most commonly used HER2 investigation methods in routine pathology practice, namely immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH).
MATERIAL and METHODS
Cases
Records and archival primary or metastatic tumor tissues from 256 NSCLC patients who consented to molecular analysis between 2018 and 2020 were used. All patients provided written informed consent. All authors ensure that the work described has been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Decleration of Helsinki). Ethics Committee of Ankara University School of Medicine awarded approval for this study (approval number: I3-160-20).
Mutation Analysis
For therapeutic decision-making, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues or fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens from these patients had been previously examined for insertions/deletions, point mutations of NRAS, NTRK1, DDR2, ALK, PIK3CA, PDGFRA, KIT, RICTOR, ROS1, ESR1, EGFR, MET, BRAF, FGFR1, PTEN, KRAS, AKT1, MAP2K1, ERBB2 genes, and copy number variations (CNV) of EGFR, MET, ERBB2, FGFR1, RICTOR genes by Qiagen GeneReader NGS System (QIAGEN GeneReader Platform, Germany), using GeneRead QIAact Lung DNA UMI Panel. QCI-Analyze was used for importing the reads, trimming primers, checking quality, mapping the reads to the human reference, calling variants, and filtering on coverage. QCI-Interpretation was used for importing variants, filtering variants, and annotating with clinical consequence.
In this panel, HER2 gene region of interest for mutations was limited to 655-660 and 678-679 codons. For this reason, the most common HER2 mutation in lung cancer (codons 775-778) was not analyzed in this study.
Copy Number Variation Analysis
QCI-Interpretation program performs a coverage analysis on a number of target regions defined for the CNV target, and the observed coverage is compared to the coverage of a defined set of control samples known to not have any CNVs. There are several control steps in this method, from DNA isolation to interpretation of the results. The main quality control steps are DNA concentration, library concentration, and sequence quality control. Samples that did not provide sufficient features in these control steps were not included in this study. For each CNV target, a fold-change (FC) and a P-value are calculated. If these pass the defined thresholds, the CNV result is given as either amplification or deletion. By NGS, 33 cases were identified as HER2 amplified (NGSAmp), whereas 223 cases were non-amplified (NGSNonAmp). Residual tumor tissue in FFPE cell blocks or FFPE operation/biopsy specimens was available for further investigation, in only 13 of the 33 NGSAmp cases. These 13 cases and 13 NGSNonAmp tumors with enough tissue that were randomly selected from the 223 cases constituted our study and control groups, respectively.
HER2 Immunohistochemistry
HER2 (clone 4B5, Ventana) immunohistochemistry was performed using Ventana Bench Mark XT Autostainer (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, Ariz, USA) on 4-μm-thick sections of the 13 NGSAmp and 13 NGSNonAmp tumors, along with appropriate controls, and evaluated blinded to the NGS data in accordance with the guidelines developed by American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) for breast carcinoma.10 According to this guideline, circumferential membranous staining that is complete, intense, and observed in >10% of the tumor cells is scored as 3+. Weak to moderate complete membrane staining observed in >10% of the tumor cells is interpreted as 2+. More than 10% incomplete faint membrane staining is scored as 1+, and no staining or incomplete membrane staining that is faint/barely perceptible and observed in ≤10% of the tumor cells is scored as 0.
HER2 In Situ Hybridization
In this study, 4-µm thick sections of the 13 NGSAmp and 13 NGSNonAmp tumors were used for silver in situ hybridization (SISH) analysis that was performed with an automated system (INFORM, Ventana Medical Systems) using positive controls. Slides were stained according to the manufacturer’s protocols using the INFORM HER2 dual ISH DNA cocktail (800-4422), ultraView SISH DNP Detection Kit (800-098), and ultraView Red ISH DIG Detection Kit (800-505).
Counting was performed blinded to NGS results, according to the manufacturer’s interpretation guide, using an Olympus BX50 light microscope. Black signals were showing HER2 gene and red signals were showing chromosome enumeration probe 17 (CEP17). Minimum of 20 tumor cells were counted for each case. Results were categorized according to the ASCO/CAP guidelines for dual-probe HER2 ISH interpretation and HER2 was evaluated as positive if HER2/CEP17 ratio was ≥2.0 and average HER2 copy number ≥ 4.0 signals per cell.10 In situ hybridization results were accepted as ‘unusual’ when HER2/CEP17 ≥2.0 and HER2/cell <4.00 or HER2/CEP17 <2.0 and HER2/cell was ≥6.00, or HER2/CEP17 <2.0 and HER2/cell was 4.0-6.00.11
Statistical Analysis
The data obtained in the study were evaluated with the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program version 20 for Windows (IBM SPSS Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were given as median (min-max), and categorical variables were given as percentage. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare numerical variables of the two independent groups. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used in the analysis of categorical variables. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to evaluate inter-method agreement between NGS and SISH results. Tumors that had a HER2/CEP17 ratio >2 were accepted as SISH positive, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of NGS amplification results were calculated. Comparisons where the type 1 error level is below 5% (P < .05) were accepted as statistically significant. To evaluate the statistical power of the study, we performed post hoc power analysis, and the power rate was 0.70 when the type 1 error was taken as 0.05.
RESULTS
Patient Characteristics
Of the 256 cases, 123 (48%) had resections or biopsies, and 133 (52%) had cytologic specimens (cell-blocks and/or smears). The main study group consisted of 171 adenocarcinomas (66.8%) and 85 (33.2%) cases diagnosed as NSCLC-Not otherwise specified (NOS). HER2 amplification was detected in 12.8% of the 256 NSCLCs by NGS. There was no statistically significant difference between the NGSAmp and NGSNonAmp groups regarding the diagnosis (P = .418), age (P = .944), or sex (P = .413) (Table 2).
Accompanying Molecular Changes
HER2 amplifications were accompanying other pathological molecular changes in 28 of the 33 cases (85%), EGFR amplifications being the most frequent (25 cases), followed by FGFR1 amplifications (16 cases), MET amplifications (14 cases), KRAS point mutations (5 cases), ALK rearrangements (3 cases), EGFR deletions/point mutations (3 cases), and a single KIT mutation. We did not observe a statistically significant difference between the NGSAmp and NGSNonAmp groups with regard to accompanying molecular abnormalities, except for the EGFR and FGFR1 amplifications that were present in 76% and 50% of HER2 NGSAmp cases, respectively (P < .001 and P < .001). HER2 amplification was the single molecular change in only 5 patients, constituting 15% of the NGSAmp group and only 2% of the whole group (Table 2).
Immunohistochemical HER2 Expression Versus HER2 Amplification by NGS
In 3 of the 13 NGSAmp cases, immunohistochemical analysis was not successful due to inadequate tumor tissue; hence, only 10 NGSAmp and 13 NGSNonAmp cases could be evaluated by IHC (Table 3). Five out of 10 cases from the NGSAmp group (50%) and 10 cases out of 13 (76%) from the NGSNonAmp group were immunohistochemically negative (0, 1+), whereas 5 and 3 cases were positive (2+, 3+) in NGSAmp and NGSNonAmp groups, respectively (Figure 1a-c). Interestingly, 5 cases (21.7%) showed a prominent cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining that is quite rare in breast carcinomas (Figure 1d). Although we observed more frequent 2+ or 3+ positivity in NGSAmp cases (50%), when compared to the NGSNonAmp group (23%), the difference was not statistically significant (P = .221).
ISH Versus HER2 Amplification by NGS
The minimum tumor percentage rate was 10% for NGSAmp and 20% for NGSNonAmp cases, respectively. Maximum tumor necrosis rate was 30% for NGSAmp and 40% for NGSNonAmp cases, respectively (Supplementary Table S1).
In 3 of the 13 NGSAmp cases, SISH analysis was not successful due to the inadequacy of tumor tissue; hence, 10 NGSAmp and 13 NGSNonAmp cases could be evaluated by SISH (Table 3). In a total of 7 cases, 3 of them being NGSNonAmp, HER2/CEP17 ratio was ≥2.0 and HER2/cell ratio was ≥4.0, which is the HER2-positive ISH category (ISHAmp) defined for breast carcinomas (Figure 1c). Two NGSAmp and 7 NGSNonAmp cases were HER2 negative (ISHNonAmp) by breast carcinoma standards (HER2/CEP17 <2.0, HER2/cell <4.0). Results of 4 NGSAmp and 3 NGSNonAmp cases corresponded to one of the unusual HER2 ISH result categories defined for breast carcinomas. Within the NGSAmp group, inter-method agreement was very good between NGS amplification status and ISH status. When HER2/cell ratio > 4 was excepted as ISH positive, NGS and ISH showed a strong ICC (P = .009, r = 0.777). Similarly, when HER2/CEP17 ratio > 2 was excepted as ISH positive, NGS and ISH showed a strong ICC (P = .001, r = 0.805).
The median HER2/CEP17 ratio was found to be higher in NGSAmp cases when compared to NGSNonAmp cases (P = .013, median 2.33 vs 1.34).
Within the NGSAmp group, inter-method agreement was good between HER2 FC and HER2/cell ratio, and the ICC was 0.777 (95% CI: 0.051-0.949, P = .009). HER2/cell ratio was higher in the NGSAmp group, though statistically not significant (P = .066, median 4.95 vs 2.80). When NGS and ISH results were compared, NGS had a sensitivity and specificity of 66% and 76%, respectively; accuracy was 72.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 66.7%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 76.9%.
ISH Versus Immunohistochemical HER2 Expression
Twenty-one patients were analyzed with both SISH and IHC. Fifty percent of SISH positive (HER2/CEP17 ratio >2) cases were positive with IHC (2+, 3+). In the HER2-SISH negative group (HER2/CEP17 ratio <2), HER2-IHC positivity was determined in 23% of patients. Immunohistochemical HER2 positivity frequency was not significant in HER2-SISH positive and HER2-SISH negative groups (P = .346).
One case in the NGSAmp group and 6 cases in the NGSNonAmp group were negative with both methods (IHC: 0/1+ and HER2/CEP17 <2.0, HER2/cell <4.0 by SISH). Three cases in the NGSAmp group and 1 case in the NGSNonAmp group were in accordance with both methods and evaluated as positive (IHC: 2+/3+ and HER2/CEP17 ≥2.0 and HER2/cell ≥4.0 by SISH). One additional NGSNonAmp case was 2+ with IHC and ISHNonAmp.
DISCUSSION
HER2 amplification is an important therapy target in breast carcinoma, and many laboratories use IHC as the initial test. If there is an equivocal result (2+ staining), the case is referred to ISH.10 Anti-HER2 treatment has been demonstrated to increase survival in HER2 amplified gastric carcinoma where the same methods are used for detection, albeit with different interpretation criteria.12 HER2 is of clinical importance also in lung carcinomas, although not as significant as in carcinomas of the breast and stomach. HER2 amplification in NSCLC is more common in adenocarcinomas of male smokers.4 Majority of the NGSAmp cases in this study were adenocarcinomas of male patients (69%); however, we did not observe any difference between the NGSAmp and NGSNonAmp groups with regard to sex, age, or diagnosis.
HER2 amplification status in NSCLC is important for two different reasons: first, as one of the most common mechanisms of acquired resistance to TKIs and second, as a potential therapy target.13,14 Currently, several clinical trials are investigating the role of HER2-directed antibodies (trastuzumab, pertuzumab) as well as HER2-targeting TKIs (afatinib, dacomitinib, and neratinib).15 There are conflicting results on the therapy success of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies in NSCLC.6,16,17,18 While clinical studies on amplified HER2 as a therapy target are proceeding, it is not yet certain what method is suitable for evaluating HER2 amplification in NSCLC. With the increasing utilization of NGS panels in pathology laboratories, HER2 amplifications in NSCLC, along with other gene amplifications, have started to be observed by pathologists. However, there is not enough information on the correlation of CNV as determined by NGS and other techniques that have been traditionally used for HER2 detection in pathology laboratories. Therefore, unlike breast and gastric cancer, the HER2 amplification criteria have not been defined for lung carcinoma. There are some studies in the literature on HER2 amplification in NSCLC, performed with different ISH techniques, and HER2 amplification rates vary between 1.8% and 53%. There are also some studies using immunohistochemistry to evaluate HER2 expression in NSCLC, according to which the incidence of 3+ HER2 positivity, that has a high correlation with HER2 amplification in the breast carcinoma context, varies from 0.6% to 33% of NSCLC cases.16,18 A meta-analysis showed that HER2 overexpression determined by IHC is significantly associated with a poor prognosis in lung cancer.19 However, there is no previous study in the literature correlating NGS results with ISH and IHC on NSCLC patients, to the best of our knowledge.
HER2 amplification rate was found to be 12.8% by NGS in the current series, being quite higher than another NGS study stating the amplification rate as 1.3%.20 When the lung carcinoma data from cBioPortal which covers 3864 NSCLC and adenocarcinomas is reviewed, it can be seen that HER2 amplification rate is about 1.9% in this database.21 Differences in the technique and calculation methods may have led to those discordant results. In our series, inter-method agreement was very good between HER2 FC by NGS and HER2/CEP17 ratio by SISH. However, there are 3 SISH positive cases (23%) within the NGSNonAmp group. NGS has the advantage of detecting high-level copy number gains in multiple genes simultaneously in addition to sequence variant detection.22 NGS is a very successful method in detecting many types of mutations such as point mutations, small indels, and small duplications; however, its sensitivity and specificity in CNV detection are controversial.23 The most important limitations of NGS are the difficulty of detecting low-level copy number gains and high-level amplifications in specimens with low neoplastic cell percentages, where in situ methods are recommended to either exclude or confirm the presence of copy number gains.22
Immunohistochemically definitive or equivocal HER2 positivity (stated as 3+ or 2+, or just positive) rate varies between 0.6 and 70% in the previous studies. There were 8 positive or equivocal (3+/2+) cases among our 23 cases that were examined by IHC; rate being 50% and 23% in NGSAmp and NGSNonAmp groups, respectively. As nearly half (10/23) of immunohistochemically investigated cases were in the NGSAmp group, the overall 34.7% immunohistochemical positivity found in this study was probably higher than the real incidence. There are conflicting results in the literature on the correlation between immunohistochemical HER2 expression and amplification by ISH in NSCLC. There were some studies finding correlation4,7,24,25,26, and some studies stated that correlation was limited to 2+/3+ cases.18,27,28 On the other hand, poor correlation had been previously noted in some other studies, similar to our findings.29 Furthermore, according to our results, the difference between NGSAmp and NGSNonAmp groups with regard to immunohistochemical HER2 expression was not significant. Discordance between amplification/CNV detection and protein overexpression can be expected, as gene amplification is just one of the many mechanisms by which a gene is overexpressed. Expression of a gene can also be increased by mechanisms such as histone modifications, promoter demethylation, methylation of the gene, and changes in enhancer and silencer regions.
In this study, we observed nuclear staining in 5 of the 23 immunohistochemically stained NSCLCs. Nuclear/cytoplasmic staining which is quite unusual in breast carcinomas is also described by other authors; however, its incidence or meaning is not known.25 It is well known that immunohistochemical staining with the anti HER2/neu clone 4B5, which is used in the present study, can produce cytoplasmic and nuclear staining of normal gastric mucosa and more infrequently of neoplastic cells in gastric carcinoma.30 Unusual HER2 staining patterns are encountered in other organ carcinomas. There are several reports showing evidence of poor prognosis of HER2 cytoplasmic overexpression in colorectal and endometrial carcinomas.31,32 Although the mechanism underlying cytoplasmic and nuclear staining is currently unknown, two mechanisms among others can be speculated. The first one being nonspecific staining due to cross reaction and the second mechanism could be a mutation concerning the signal peptide of the HER2 gene, located at the 1-22 position of the protein, determining the path of the HER2 protein within the cell.21 Detection of mutations corresponding to this region of the protein (signal sequence) and detection of HER2 mRNA levels would potentially clarify this situation. However, we cannot comment on this, as our NGS panel did not cover the first exon of HER2 gene, where signal sequence is located. HER2 amplification is not an exclusive event in NSCLC. HER2 amplification was often accompanied by other mutations, and it was detected as the single molecular change in only 2% of our cohort. In a previous study, unique focal HER2 amplifications were identified in the oncogene-negative pulmonary carcinomas, using GISTIC (Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer) analysis.2 In that study, HER2 amplifications in otherwise oncogene-negative lung adenocarcinomas, which were found in 0.9% of their cohort, were suggested as driver events.2 In our study, EGFR and FGFR1 amplifications were detected in 116 (45%) and 35 (13.6%) of the 256 cases, respectively. HER2 and EGFR were co-amplified in 25 cases (P < .001). FGFR1 and HER2 were co-amplified in 16 cases (P < .001) by NGS. There were a few studies in the literature performed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), showing that the copy number change in EGFR and HER2 genes shows correlation.33,34 However, there is no such previous observation regarding FGFR1 and HER2 correlation. As HER2, EGFR, and FGFR1 genes are located on separate chromosomes, 17q12, 7p11.2, and 8p.11.23, respectively, the mechanism of co-amplification remains to be solved.
The limitation of our study was the small number of cases that could be examined with IHC and SISH. Also, HER2 protein overexpression could not be confirmed by mRNA levels and other proteomic methods such as Western blotting.
NGS is now considered the preferable technique in searching multiple therapy targets in human tumors, and it is possible to evaluate the CNV of genes, including HER2, by NGS. However, there is not adequate knowledge on how to transfer this information to the management of therapy. Although there is a very good inter-method agreement between HER2 CNV and HER2 amplification by ISH, there is a considerable number of discordant cases, and not all ISH amplified cases are amplified by NGS. We hope that these ambiguous aspects may be solved by studies with a larger sample size. The small sample size of the present study due to the rarity of HER2 amplification in lung carcinomas and inadequacy of small tumor specimens is the major limitation of the present study. In the post hoc power analysis, power rate was calculated as 0.70. Higher values can be reached in future studies with a larger sample size.
As an interesting finding, some NGS or ISH amplified cases do not show HER2 expression by IHC, which suggests that amplified gene is not reflected to protein synthesis. The mechanisms behind this condition may be related to the numerous control steps in the regulation of gene expression. Previous studies and our data show that HER2 gene abnormality in pulmonary carcinoma is not comparable to that in breast carcinoma, and the algorithms used in breast carcinoma do not apply to the lung. Larger-scale studies evaluating mRNA and protein levels are needed to understand the meaning of HER2 amplification detected by NGS in pulmonary carcinoma. Until the effects of HER2 amplification on HER2 protein are well understood and specific algorithms are defined, NSCLC cases that are found to be amplified by NGS should be verified by additional methods. It may be speculated that protein-based methods like IHC may have potential in decision-making for HER2 targeted therapy, as the target of the available drugs is the HER2 protein.